Sepsis is a life threatening medical emergency, Gram negative bacteria the principal causes of sepsis are seen in higher proportions among pediatrics populations and are mostly antibiotic resistance organisms. This study was carried out to determine antibiotic resistance of Gram negative bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes involve in sepsis among under five children in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A hospital-based descriptive observational study of neonates with or without clinical features of sepsis. The subjects were children seen in General Hospital Ikot Ekpene, University Teaching Hospital Uyo and Immanuel Hospital Eket. A total of 180 children were sampled (60 from each hospital). A two milliliters (2 ml) sterile syringe with a 23gauge needle was used to collect blood sample aseptically from the vein of the arm of the child, inoculated on thioglycollate broth and subculture on MaConkey, blood and chocolate agar. Gram staining, biochemical characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of Gram negative bacteria, their resistance genes were done. Of the 180 children, 123 tested positive for bacterial infections. Escherichia coli 25(13.9%), Proteus mirabilis 19(10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15(8.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 12(6.7%), Serratia ficaria 9(5.0%), Rhizobium radiobacter 8(4.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca 7(3.9%), Chromobacterium violaceum 7(3.9%), Serratia marcescens 5(2.8%), Escherichia fergusonii 4(2.2%), Pseudomonas luteola 3(1.7%), Burkholderia cepacia 3(1.7%), Achromobacter xylosoxidans 3(1.7%), Burkholderia vietnamiensis 2(1.1%) and Serratia odorifera 1(0.6%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistance to the 12 antibiotic used 12(100%), Three isolates were finally selected for molecular analysis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae acquire blaSHV, PAGS, PASS, Cnf1 and hlyC genes, blaTEM amplify Pseudomonas and Klebsiella, FimH amplify only Klebsiella. Gram negative bacteria develop antibiotic resistance which poses a significant challenge in treating infections caused by this organism emphasizing the importance of responsible antibiotic use to mitigate further development of resistance.
| Published in | International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 10, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15 |
| Page(s) | 111-130 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Sepsis, Antibiotic, Resistance Genes, Gram Negative Bacteria, Children
Sample ID | DNA Concentration (ug/ul) | DNA Purity (260/280) |
|---|---|---|
A | 311 | 1.82 |
B | 395 | 1.89 |
C | 361 | 1.80 |
Target | Primer | Primer Sequence (5̗’- 3’) | Bases | Product Size (bp) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
blaTEM | TEM-F | TCCGCTCATGAGACAATAACC | 21 | 890 | (Sturenburg et al., 2004) [23] . |
TEM-R | TTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGC | 22 | 890 | (Sturenburg et al., 2004) [23] . | |
bla SHV | SHV-F | TGGTTATGCGTTATATTCGCC | 21 | 868 | (Pai et al., 1999) [24] . |
SHV-R | GGTTAGCGTTGCCAGTGCT | 19 | 868 | (Pai et al., 1999) [24] . | |
blaCTX-M | CTX-F | TCTTCCAGAATAAGGAATCCC | 21 | 909 | (Sturenburg et al., 2004) [23] . |
CTX-R | CCGTTTCCGCTATTACAAAC | 20 | 909 | (Sturenburg et al., 2004) [23] . |
Gene Type | Primer | Primer Sequence | Bases Product Size (bp) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CARB KPC | CARB-F | 5’ATTCGCTAAACTCGAACAG-3’19 | 1069 | (Mlynarcik et al., 2016) [25] . |
CARB-R | 5’AAGAAAGCCCTTGAATGAG-3’19 | 1069 | (Mlynarcik et al., 2016) [25] . | |
VIM-1 | VIM-I-F | 5’GAGCTCTTCTATCCTGGTG-3’19 | 1069 | (Mlynarcik et al., 2016) [25] . |
VIM-1-R | 5’CTTGACAACTCATGAACGG-3’19 | 1069 | (Mlynarciket al., 2016) [25] . |
Primer | Primer Sequence (5̗’- 3’) | Bases | Product Size (bp) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PAGS-F | GGGGGATCTTCGGACCTCA | 19 | 910 | (Spilker et al., 2004) [26] . |
PAGS-R | TCCTTAGAGTGCCCACCCG | 19 | 910 | (Spilker et al., 2004) [26] . |
PASS-F | GGGGGATCTTCGGACCTCA | 19 | 930 | (Spilker et al., 2004) [26] . |
PASS-R | TCCTTAGAGTGCCCACCCG | 19 | 910 | (Spilker et al., 2004) [26] . |
Virulence Gene | Primer Sequence (5’-3’) | Bases Product size (bp) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
fimH | F: TGCAGAACGGATAAGCCGTGG | 21 470 | (Johnson and Stell, 2000) [27] . |
R: GCAGTCACCTGCCCTCCGGTA | 21 460 | (Johnson and Stell, 2000) [27] . | |
cnfI | F: AAGATGGAGTTTCCTATGCAGGAG | 24 498 | (Johnson and Stell, 2000) [27] . |
R: CATTCAGAGTCCTGCCCTCATTATT | 25 498 | (Johnson and Stell, 2000) [27] . | |
hlyC | F: AGGTTCTTGGGCATGTATCCT | 21 556 | (Bingen-Bidois et al., 2002) [28] . |
R: TTGCTTTGCAGACTGCAGTGT | 21 556 | (Bingen-Bidois et al., 2002) [28] . |
Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of tested bacteria (n), (n/N)% in (General Hospital) | Nos. of tested bacteria (n), (n/N)% in (Teaching Hospital) | Nos. of tested bacteria (n), (n/N)% in (Immanuel Hospital) | Total nos. of tested bacteria (n), (n/N)% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | 8 (13.3) | 3 (5.0) | 14 (23.3) | 25 (13.9) |
Proteus mirabilis | 5 (8.3) | 8 (13.3) | 6 (10.0) | 19 (10.6) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 6 (10.0) | 9 (15.0) | 0 (0) | 15 (8.3) |
K. pneumoniae | 4 (6.7) | 8 (13.3) | 0 (0) | 12 (6.7) |
S. ficaria | 3 (5.0) | 3 (5.0) | 3 (5.0) | 9 (5.0) |
Rhizobium radiobacter | 4 (6.7) | 1 (1.7) | 3 (5.0) | 8 (4.4) |
Klebsiella oxytoca | 1 (1.7) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (6.7) | 7 (3.9) |
Chromobacterium violaceum | 0 (0) | 5 (8.3) | 2 (3.3) | 7 (3.9) |
Serratia marcescens | 2 (3.3) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (1.7) | 5 (2.8) |
Escherichia fergusonii | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.0) | 4 (2.2) |
P. luteola | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.3) | 3 (1.7) |
Burkholderia cepacia | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.3) | 3 (1.7) |
Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | 3 (1.7) |
B. vietnamiensis | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.1) |
S. odorifera | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) |
Total | 39 (65.0) | 43 (71.7) | 41 (68.3) | 123 (68.3) |
Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | AP | TET (%) | COT (%) | GEN (%) | CRX (%) | CHL (%) | CTR (%) | CTX (%) | CIP (%) | AMK (%) | VAN (%) | CPZ (%) | MEM (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E. coli (25) | S | 13 (52.0) | 10 (40.0) | 22 (88.0) | 2 (8.0) | 21 (84.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0 | 11 (44.0) | 25 (100.0) | 11 (44.0) | 0 | 0 |
R | 10 (40.0) | 13 (52.0) | 3 (12.0) | 19 (76.0) | 0 | 13 (52.0) | 25 (100.0) | 10 (40.0) | 0 | 12 (48.0) | 25 (100.0) | 24 (96.0) | |
P. mirabilis (19) | S | 12 (63.2) | 11 (57.9) | 16 (84.2) | 1 (5.3) | 5 (26.3) | 3 (15.8) | 0 | 7 (36.8) | 19 (100.0) | 14 (73.7) | 0 | 1 (5.3) |
R | 5 (26.3) | 8 (42.1) | 2 (10.5) | 15 (78.9) | 6 (31.6) | 13 (68.4) | 18 (94.7) | 4 (21.1) | 0 | 3 (15.8) | 19 (100.0) | 18 (94.7) | |
P. aeruginosa (15) | S | 1 (6.7) | 0 | 5 (33.3) | 0 | 2 (13.3) | 0 | 0 | 5 (33.3) | 5 (33.3) | 6 (40.0) | 0 | 0 |
R | 13 (86.7) | 13 (86.7) | 10 (66.7) | 15 (100.0) | 13 (86.7) | 15 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | 10 (66.7) | 10 (66.7) | 9 (60.0) | 15 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | |
K. pneumonia (12) | S | 2 (16.7) | 4 (33.3) | 10 (83.3) | 0 | 11 (91.7) | 0 | 0 | 1 (8.3) | 12 (100.0) | 8 (66.7) | 0 | 0 |
R | 10 (83.3) | 8 (66.7) | 1 (8.3) | 11 (91.7) | 0 | 11 (91.7) | 12 (100.0) | 11 (91.7) | 0 | 4 (33.3) | 12 (100.0) | 12 (100.0) | |
S. ficaria (9) | S | 9 (100.0) | 8 (88.9) | 8 (88.9) | 4 (44.4) | 6 (66.7) | 0 | 0 | 8 (88.9) | 9 (100.0) | 9 (100.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 |
R | 0 | 0 | 1 (11.1) | 3 (33.3) | 2 (22.2) | 8 (88.9) | 9 (100.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0 | 0 | 7 (77.8) | 9 (100.0) |
Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | AP | TET (%) | COT (%) | GEN (%) | CRX (%) | CHL (%) | CTR (%) | CTX (%) | CIP (%) | AMK (%) | VAN (%) | CPZ (%) | MEM (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R. radiobacter (8) | S | 3 (37.5) | 4 (50.0) | 8 (100.0) | 0 | 7 (87.5) | 0 | 0 | 8 (100.0) | 8 (100.0) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (11.1) | 0 |
R | 3 (37.5) | 3 (37.5) | 0 | 5 (62.5) | 1 (12.5) | 8 (100.0) | 8 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 (77.8) | 9 (100.0) | |
K. oxytoca (7) | S | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 0 |
R | 7 (100.0) | 6 (85.7) | 6 (85.7) | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | 3 (42.9) | 1 (14.3) | 7 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | |
C. violaceum (7) | S | 7 (100.0) | 3 (42.9) | 6 (85.7) | 0 | 4 (57.1) | 0 | 0 | 7 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | 2 (28.6) | 0 | 0 |
R | 0 | 3 (42.9) | 1 (14.3) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 7 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14.3) | 7 (100.0) | 7 (100.0) | |
S. marcescens (5) | S | 4 (80.0) | 2 (40.0) | 5 (100.0) | 0 | 5 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 4 (80.0) | 5 (100.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0 | 0 |
R | 0 | 3 (60.0) | 0 | 4 (80.0) | 0 | 4 (80.0) | 5 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 5 (100.0) | |
E. fergusonii (4) | S | 4 (100.0) | 1 (25.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (75.0) | 0 | 0 | 3 (75.0) | 4 (100.0) | 3 (75.0) | 0 | 0 |
R | 0 | 1 (25.0) | 0 | 3 (75.0) | 0 | 3 (75.0) | 4 (1000) | 0 | 0 | 1 (25.0) | 4 (100.0) | 3 (75.0) |
Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | AP | TET (%) | COT (%) | GEN (%) | CRX (%) | CHL (%) | CTR (%) | CTX (%) | CIP (%) | AMK (%) | VAN (%) | CPZ (%) | MEM (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. luteola (3) | S | 3 (100.0) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 |
R | 0 | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | |
B. cepacia (3) | S | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 2 (66.7) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 0 |
R | 2 (66.7) | 2 (66.7) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (33.3) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | |
A. xylosoxidans (3) | S | 0 | 1 (33.3) | 0 | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R | 3 (100.0) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | 3 (100.0) | |
B. vietnamiensis (2) | S | 0 | 0 | 1 (50.0) | 0 | 1 (50.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (50.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R | 2 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 | 2 (100.0) | 0 | 2 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (50.0) | 2 (100.0) | 2 (100.0) | |
S. odorifera (1) | S | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 0 |
R | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) |
Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of resistance antibiotic (X) | MARI = X/Y (%) | Antibiotic resistance pattern (ARP) | Antibiotic resistance class (ARC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | 2 | 9 | 9/12 = 0.75 = 75 | CRX, CTR, CTX, TET, CIP, COT, VAN, GEN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, fluoro, sulf, glyco, aminogly, carb |
2 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CRX, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CIP, AMK, MEM | Ceph, sulf, tetra, fluoro, aminogly, carb | |
6 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, COT, CIP, MEM | Ceph, sulf, fluoro, carb | |
5 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTX, CPZ, TET, VAN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, glyco, carb | |
8 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
2 | 4 | 4/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
25 | |||||
Proteus mirabilis | 2 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, COT, CHL, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, sulf, chlo, carb |
11 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, VAN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, glyco, carb | |
5 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTX, CPZ, CHL, MEM | Ceph, chlo, carb | |
1 | 4 | 4/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CRX, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
19 | |||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 9 | 12 | 12/12 = 1 = 100 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, TET, COT, CHL, VAN, GEN, AMK, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, tetra, sulf, chlo, glyco, aminogly, carb |
1 | 11 | 11/12 = 0.9 = 90 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, TET, COT, CHL, GEN, AMK, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, tetra, sulf, chlo, aminogly, carb | |
2 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CHL, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, chlo, carb | |
1 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, carb | |
1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CHL, MEM | Ceph, chlo, carb | |
1 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
15 |
Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of resistance antibiotic (X) | MARI = X/Y (%) | Antibiotic resistance pattern (ARP) | Antibiotic resistance class (ARC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1 | 10 | 10/12 = 0.8 = 80 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, COT, TET, VAN, AMK, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, sulf, tetra, glyco, aminogly, carb |
4 | 9 | 9/12 = 0.75 = 75 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CIP, VAN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, fluoro, glyco, carb | |
1 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CIP, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, fluoro, carb | |
4 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CIP, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, fluoro, carb | |
1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, carb | |
1 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
12 | |||||
Serratia ficaria | 2 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, GEN, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, aminogly, carb |
2 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, CHL, MEM | Ceph, chloro, carb | |
4 | 4 | 4/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
1 | 2 | 2/12 = 0.2 = 20 | CTX, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
9 | |||||
Rhizobium radiobacter | 2 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, carb |
3 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, COT, MEM | Ceph, sulf, carb | |
1 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
2 | 3 | 3/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CTR, CTX, CHL | Ceph, chloro | |
8 |
Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of resistance antibiotic (X) | MARI = X/Y (%) | Antibiotic resistance pattern (ARP) | Antibiotic resistance class (ARC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Klebsiella oxytoca | 2 | 10 | 10/12 = 0.8 = 80 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, CIP, COT, VAN, AMK, MEM | Ceph, tetra, fluoro, sulf, glyco, aminogly, carb |
4 | 9 | 9/12 = 0.75 = 75 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CIP, GEN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, fluoro, aminogly, carb | |
1 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, CIP, GEN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, fluoro, aminogly, carb | |
7 | |||||
Chromo bacterium violaceum | 2 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, VAN, GEN, MEM | Ceph, glyco, aminogly, carb |
2 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, COT, MEM | Ceph, sulf, carb | |
2 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
1 | 4 | 4/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
7 | |||||
Serratia marcescens | 1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, COT, MEM | Ceph, sulf, carb |
3 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, COT, MEM | Ceph, sulf, carb | |
1 | 4 | 4/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CRX, CTR, CTX, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
5 | |||||
Escherichia fergusonii | 1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, VAN, MEM | Ceph, glyco, carb |
1 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
2 | 4 | 4/12 = 0.3 = 30 | CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
4 | |||||
Pseudomonas luteola | 1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, CIP, MEM | Ceph, fluoro, carb |
2 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
3 |
Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of isolated Gram negative bacteria | Nos. of resistance antibiotic (X) | MARI = X/Y (%) | Antibiotic resistance pattern (ARP) | Antibiotic resistance class (ARC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burkholderia cepacia | 2 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CRX, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, VAN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, glyco, carb |
1 | 5 | 5/12 = 0.4 = 40 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, MEM | Ceph, carb | |
3 | |||||
Achromobacter xylosoxidans | 1 | 9 | 9/12 = 0.75 = 75 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, VAN, GEN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, glyco, aminogly, carb |
1 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, GEN, VAN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, aminogly, glyco, carb | |
1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, MEM | Ceph, tetra, carb | |
3 | |||||
Burkholderia vietnamiensis | 1 | 8 | 8/12 = 0.7 = 70 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, VAN, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, glycol, carb |
1 | 7 | 7/12 = 0.6 = 60 | CRX, CTR, CTX, CPZ, TET, COT, MEM | Ceph, tetra, sulf, carb | |
2 | |||||
Serratia odorifera | 1 | 6 | 6/12 = 0.5 = 50 | CTR, CTX, CRX, CPZ, COT, MEM | Ceph, sulf, carb |
1 | |||||
Total isolated bacteria | 123 |
Resistant gene | Present of resistant gene in Gram negative bacteria | Absent of resistant gene in Gram negative bacteria |
|---|---|---|
Bla TEM | Pseudomonas and Klebsiella | Escherichia coli |
Bla SHV | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella | - |
Bla CTX-M | - | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella |
CARB KPC | - | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella |
VIM-1 | - | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella |
PASS | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella | - |
PAGS | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella | - |
FimH | Klebsiella | E. coli, Pseudomonas |
Cnf1 | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella | - |
HlyC | E. coli, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella | - |
TEM | Temoniera |
SHV | Sulf-hydryl |
PAGs | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Genes |
PASS | Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Subspecie |
Cnf1 | Citotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 |
hlyc | haemolysin |
Fim H | Type1 Fimbrae |
CDC | Center for Disease and Control |
MDR | Multidrug Resistance |
MAR | Multiple Antibiotics Resistance |
CTX-M | Cifotàximase Munich |
SSI | Surgical Site Infection |
VAP | Ventilator Associated Pneumonia |
CLABSI | Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection |
MRSA | Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
WHO | World Health Organization |
LMICs | Low and Middle Income Countries |
NPC | National Population Commission |
CLSI | Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute |
ARC | Antibiotic Resistant Class |
ARP | Antibiotic Resistant Pattern |
TET | Tetracycline |
CoT | Cotrimoxazole |
GEN | Gentamicin |
CRX | Cefuroxime |
CHL | Chloramphenicol |
CTR | Ceftriaxone |
CTX | Cefotaxime |
CIP | Ciprofloxacin |
AMK | Amikacin |
VAN | Vancomycin |
CPZ | Ceftazidime |
MEM | Meropenem |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
OD | Optical Density |
EDTA | Ethylinediamine-Tetraacetic Acid |
PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
S | Susceptibility |
AP | Antibiotic Pattern |
R | Resistance |
ESBLS | Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases |
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APA Style
Mary, C., Jarlath, U., Etanguno, O., Maria, B., Veronica, N. (2025). Molecular Characterization of Gram Negative Bacteria Involved in Sepsis Among Under Five Children in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10(3), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15
ACS Style
Mary, C.; Jarlath, U.; Etanguno, O.; Maria, B.; Veronica, N. Molecular Characterization of Gram Negative Bacteria Involved in Sepsis Among Under Five Children in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2025, 10(3), 111-130. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15,
author = {Christopher Mary and Umoh Jarlath and Owowo Etanguno and Bassey Maria and Nyoyoko Veronica},
title = {Molecular Characterization of Gram Negative Bacteria Involved in Sepsis Among Under Five Children in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria
},
journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {111-130},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20251003.15},
abstract = {Sepsis is a life threatening medical emergency, Gram negative bacteria the principal causes of sepsis are seen in higher proportions among pediatrics populations and are mostly antibiotic resistance organisms. This study was carried out to determine antibiotic resistance of Gram negative bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes involve in sepsis among under five children in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A hospital-based descriptive observational study of neonates with or without clinical features of sepsis. The subjects were children seen in General Hospital Ikot Ekpene, University Teaching Hospital Uyo and Immanuel Hospital Eket. A total of 180 children were sampled (60 from each hospital). A two milliliters (2 ml) sterile syringe with a 23gauge needle was used to collect blood sample aseptically from the vein of the arm of the child, inoculated on thioglycollate broth and subculture on MaConkey, blood and chocolate agar. Gram staining, biochemical characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of Gram negative bacteria, their resistance genes were done. Of the 180 children, 123 tested positive for bacterial infections. Escherichia coli 25(13.9%), Proteus mirabilis 19(10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15(8.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 12(6.7%), Serratia ficaria 9(5.0%), Rhizobium radiobacter 8(4.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca 7(3.9%), Chromobacterium violaceum 7(3.9%), Serratia marcescens 5(2.8%), Escherichia fergusonii 4(2.2%), Pseudomonas luteola 3(1.7%), Burkholderia cepacia 3(1.7%), Achromobacter xylosoxidans 3(1.7%), Burkholderia vietnamiensis 2(1.1%) and Serratia odorifera 1(0.6%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistance to the 12 antibiotic used 12(100%), Three isolates were finally selected for molecular analysis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae acquire blaSHV, PAGS, PASS, Cnf1 and hlyC genes, blaTEM amplify Pseudomonas and Klebsiella, FimH amplify only Klebsiella. Gram negative bacteria develop antibiotic resistance which poses a significant challenge in treating infections caused by this organism emphasizing the importance of responsible antibiotic use to mitigate further development of resistance.
},
year = {2025}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular Characterization of Gram Negative Bacteria Involved in Sepsis Among Under Five Children in Akwa Ibom State Nigeria AU - Christopher Mary AU - Umoh Jarlath AU - Owowo Etanguno AU - Bassey Maria AU - Nyoyoko Veronica Y1 - 2025/09/11 PY - 2025 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15 T2 - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JF - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JO - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology SP - 111 EP - 130 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-9686 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20251003.15 AB - Sepsis is a life threatening medical emergency, Gram negative bacteria the principal causes of sepsis are seen in higher proportions among pediatrics populations and are mostly antibiotic resistance organisms. This study was carried out to determine antibiotic resistance of Gram negative bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes involve in sepsis among under five children in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A hospital-based descriptive observational study of neonates with or without clinical features of sepsis. The subjects were children seen in General Hospital Ikot Ekpene, University Teaching Hospital Uyo and Immanuel Hospital Eket. A total of 180 children were sampled (60 from each hospital). A two milliliters (2 ml) sterile syringe with a 23gauge needle was used to collect blood sample aseptically from the vein of the arm of the child, inoculated on thioglycollate broth and subculture on MaConkey, blood and chocolate agar. Gram staining, biochemical characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of Gram negative bacteria, their resistance genes were done. Of the 180 children, 123 tested positive for bacterial infections. Escherichia coli 25(13.9%), Proteus mirabilis 19(10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15(8.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 12(6.7%), Serratia ficaria 9(5.0%), Rhizobium radiobacter 8(4.4%), Klebsiella oxytoca 7(3.9%), Chromobacterium violaceum 7(3.9%), Serratia marcescens 5(2.8%), Escherichia fergusonii 4(2.2%), Pseudomonas luteola 3(1.7%), Burkholderia cepacia 3(1.7%), Achromobacter xylosoxidans 3(1.7%), Burkholderia vietnamiensis 2(1.1%) and Serratia odorifera 1(0.6%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistance to the 12 antibiotic used 12(100%), Three isolates were finally selected for molecular analysis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae acquire blaSHV, PAGS, PASS, Cnf1 and hlyC genes, blaTEM amplify Pseudomonas and Klebsiella, FimH amplify only Klebsiella. Gram negative bacteria develop antibiotic resistance which poses a significant challenge in treating infections caused by this organism emphasizing the importance of responsible antibiotic use to mitigate further development of resistance. VL - 10 IS - 3 ER -
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria
Department of Biological Sciences, Topfaith University, Mkpatak, Nigeria
