Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.
| Published in | International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 6, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17 |
| Page(s) | 147-151 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Bacteria, Automated Teller Machine, Antibiotic Resistance
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APA Style
Francisca Upekiema Adie, Godwin Edet Oduokpaha, Sunday Godwin Oworah, Oluwarotimi John Joseph. (2021). Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(4), 147-151. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
ACS Style
Francisca Upekiema Adie; Godwin Edet Oduokpaha; Sunday Godwin Oworah; Oluwarotimi John Joseph. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 6(4), 147-151. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
AMA Style
Francisca Upekiema Adie, Godwin Edet Oduokpaha, Sunday Godwin Oworah, Oluwarotimi John Joseph. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;6(4):147-151. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
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Download@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17,
author = {Francisca Upekiema Adie and Godwin Edet Oduokpaha and Sunday Godwin Oworah and Oluwarotimi John Joseph},
title = {Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {147-151},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20210604.17},
abstract = {Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria AU - Francisca Upekiema Adie AU - Godwin Edet Oduokpaha AU - Sunday Godwin Oworah AU - Oluwarotimi John Joseph Y1 - 2021/12/31 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17 DO - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17 T2 - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JF - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology JO - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology SP - 147 EP - 151 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2578-9686 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17 AB - Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended. VL - 6 IS - 4 ER -
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