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Single-pathogen and Mixed Vulvovaginal Infections Among Women of Reproductive Age Consulting Gynecologists: A Cross-Sectional Study
Javier García Pérez-Llantada,
Ana Rosa Masero,
Jesús Lázaro-Carrasco,
María José Carballo,
Francisca Ridocci,
Manuel Sosa,
Miguel González,
Pedro Azumendi,
María Palma,
Concepción Nieto
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
95-103
Received:
7 September 2021
Accepted:
23 September 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: Vulvovaginal infections are a public health problem that accounts for 20% of gynecological consultations. However, there are no clear data on the prevalence of the different types of vulvovaginal infections, including vaginal mixed infections, that make women seek care from gynecologists. We aimed to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal infections and to evaluate the therapeutic approach of symptomatic women of reproductive age consulting gynecologists. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 women with vulvovaginitis of probable infectious etiology at 25 gynecology outpatient clinics. Women underwent clinical diagnosis following standard clinical practice. Signs and symptoms were registered as well as the therapeutic strategy prescribed by the gynecologists and self-treatment habits of the women before consultation. A microbiological culture of the vaginal discharge was performed in all women to confirm the diagnosis. According to the microbiological studies, 68% of women had an infection, being candidiasis the most prevalent (54.3%), followed by bacterial vaginosis (25.7%), mixed infection (14.3%), and nonspecific vulvovaginitis (5.7%). Most of the candidiasis involved a single pathogen, however 19.4% were mixed infections also involving other pathogens. Leukorrhea and pruritus were the most prevalent symptoms (82.5% and 81.6% respectively). Mixed infections produced vaginal odor changes more often than single candidiasis (40% vs. 24%). Among the 103 women, 71.8% received pharmacological treatments, mostly antifungals, being fenticonazole the most frequently prescribed; 48.5% received nonpharmacological treatments, either alone or as adjuvant therapy. Candidiasis is the most prevalent vulvovaginal infection in symptomatic women of reproductive age consulting gynecologists. Candidiasis usually presents as a single-pathogen infection, but additional pathogens may coexist in many women. Clinical diagnosis of mixed infections is challenging because the most prevalent symptoms are the same as for candidiasis, so prescription of antifungals with a broad spectrum of antimycotic and antimicrobial activity is an adequate alternative for women.
Abstract: Vulvovaginal infections are a public health problem that accounts for 20% of gynecological consultations. However, there are no clear data on the prevalence of the different types of vulvovaginal infections, including vaginal mixed infections, that make women seek care from gynecologists. We aimed to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal infecti...
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Chickens in Yobe State
Ahmed Idriss Jajere,
Ahmed Mahmud Jajere,
Mustapha Bala Abubakar,
Mailafia Samuel,
Ahmed Ibrahim Jajere,
Isa Mohammed Bammami
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
104-118
Received:
18 August 2021
Accepted:
1 September 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Nigeria, as well as carry out antimicrobial susceptibility and minimum inhibition concentration on the isolates. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then inoculated onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar for morphological identification of Salmonella blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300 cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The presumptive Salmonella isolates were further characterized using the MicrobactTM GNB 24E System kit, with 40 randomly selected presumptive isolates (8 from blood and 32 from cloacal swab) tested using Microbact 24E GNB Computerize system, with 10 samples found to be positive for Salmonella organisms out of which 9 (22.5%) were from cloacal swab and 1 (2.5%) from blood. All the blood samples were tested for haemagglutination using slide method, 255 were found to be positive, where agglutination was observed. Where as only 8 (2.7%) were positives after blood culture 8 (2.67%). Exotic chickens showed the highest resistance level of (35%) to commonly used antibiotics (Amoxixillin and Ampicillin). The isolates from exotic chickens are susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 11 (68.8%), Ofloxacin 10 (62.5%), Gentamicin 2 (12.5%), Levofloxacin and Erythromycin 6 (37.5%), while intermediate to Norfloxacin 5 (31.3%) and Amoxicillin 7 (43.8%) but were resistant to Ampicillin 6 (37.5%%), Cefuroxime 10 (62.5%) and Amoxicillin 4 (25.0%). The MIC was carried out on all the 10 Salmonella isolated that showed positive on microbact 24E computerized system. All the 10 isolates from microbact 24E computerized system showed susceptibility to amoxicillin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin on MIC. The MIC of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was distributed within 0.00175–2 µg/ml each, and for amoxilin, the MIC ranged between 0.00175-3.00 µg/ml. It is therefore, concluded that Salmonella organisms phenotypically characterized in the study area had antimicrobial susceptibility to routinely used antimicrobial drugs. As a result, it is suggested that the medications with high susceptibility be used to treat poultry salmonellosis in the study area.
Abstract: Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic microorganisms transmitted to humans and other animals via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and formites. This study was conducted to phenotypically characterize Salmonella enterica from samples collected from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected Local Government Areas of Yobe State, Ni...
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Different Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures Including PCR Directly from Urine Specimens from Suspected Patients of UTI
Mahbuba Sultana,
Akram Hossain,
Shyamal Kumar Paul,
Nobumichi Kobayashi,
Md. Sharif Hossain,
Mst. Nazma khatun,
Mahbubul Alam
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
119-124
Received:
9 October 2021
Accepted:
25 October 2021
Published:
10 November 2021
Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common bacterial infections and possess significant healthcare burden. Hence a study was necessary to apply PCR technology directly to clinical specimens to allow early and accurate identification of pathogens of UTI. Objective: Diagnosis of major uropathogens by different laboratory diagnostic procedures including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) directly from urine specimens from suspected patients of urinary tract infection. Methods: This study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College during the period from July 2016 to June 2017. Urine specimens were collected and isolation and identification of major uropathogens (Escherichiacoli Klehsiella pneumonias, Proteusmirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were done by standard microbiological procedure anbiochemical tests. PCR was performed by using standard protocol with species specific primer for detection offim H gene for Escherichia coli, fimK gene for Klehsiella paeunomiae, UreC for Proteus mirabilis and ETA for Pseudomonas aeruginasa. Results: Out of 250 urine specimens, 200 specimens were isolated and identified by culture and different biochemical methods which were supported by microscopical examination and at the same time PCR could detect species specific genes in 201 specimens directly from urine of suspected UTI patient Escherichia coli was responsible as a leading causative pathogen in both outpatient department and in patient department. Urine specimens was higher in female in both out patient population and inpatient population. Culture positivity of in patient population among the male (45.5%) was slighty higher than that of outpatient population (34.5%). The predominant age group suffered from UTI in case of outpatient population was >15-30 but for the in patient population, the age group was 60 years and above. 90 culture positive in patient population, 43 (95.5%) were from the gynae unit, 23 (92%) were from surgery unit, 8 (72.7%) were from the medicine unit, 12 (85.7%) were from orthopaedic unit and 4 (80%) were from paediatric unit. On the other hand Pseudomonas aeruginosa Profeus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were more prevalent in in-patient department and it was 21.1%, 5.6% and 5.5% respectively, Among the 50 culture negative urine specimens, 14 (28%) showed PCR positive for Escherichia coli, Klehsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusion: This study revealed that, the prevalence of UTI is high n MMCH Single pathogen base uniplex PCR was found superior than standard culture and less time consuming. Because uniplex PCR could detect many (28%) culture negative cases.
Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the most common bacterial infections and possess significant healthcare burden. Hence a study was necessary to apply PCR technology directly to clinical specimens to allow early and accurate identification of pathogens of UTI. Objective: Diagnosis of major uropathogens by different laboratory diagn...
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Microbiological Quality and Safety of Raw Meat at Slaughterhouse and Butchers’ Shop in Assosa Town, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
125-136
Received:
16 October 2020
Accepted:
30 November 2021
Published:
7 December 2021
Abstract: Meat and meat products are suited for microbial growth and it becomes contaminated with a variety of microorganisms during the slaughtering and dressing process and some of which are pathogens. The objective of this study was to count, isolate, and identifies different pathogens & indicators in beef samples at Abattoir and Retail outlets in Assosa town. A cross-sectional study was done on a total of 70 samples of raw meat (beef); 35 samples from butchers’ shop in the town and 35 samples at Abattoir from May 2018 to February 2019. Mean bacterial counts in beef were compared by one way ANOVA through SPSS 20. Significance of differences held at p<0.05. The range count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria at Butchers shop and Abattoir was 2.75 - 7.52 log10cfu/g and 2.49 - 5.16 log10cfu/g, respectively. Similarly, the count range of S. aureus at the Butchers shop and Abattoir was 2.74 4.84 log10CFU/g and 2.71 4.72 log10cfu/g, respectively. 13 (37.1%) at Abattoir and 17 (48.6%) at Retail outlets were contaminated to E. coli whereas 9 (25.7%) and 12 (34.3%) of the sample from Abattoir and retail outlets were contaminated with Salmonella spp., respectively. Coliforms were absent at 11 (31.4%) and 5 (14.3%) of the total samples from Abattoir and Retail outlets, respectively. Only 13 (38.71%) and 6 (17.14%) of the samples at Abattoir and Retail outlets, respectively were satisfactory for S. aureus. While 80% at the Abattoir and 57.7% at Butchers shop of the samples were satisfactory for AMB. The handling and environmental hygiene of butchers’ in the town showed that 2 (77.1%) and 29 (82.9%) of the meat contact surface and the carcass; were unprotected and easily exposed to flies, respectively. Only (2, 12.5%) workers in the slaughterhouse had been taken training on food hygiene & safety, and (3, 18.8%) wore hand gloves during slaughtering. The majority of the food samples were within acceptable and some at satisfactory quality range but still it indicates high microbial contamination of the raw meat especially those from butchers. There were also some difficulties to achieve slaughtering in the working area due to a shortage of work-related facilities. Therefore, the town administration office and other concerned bodies should fulfill facilities and adequate training for butchers/workers on their hygiene, sanitation and handling of the raw meat.
Abstract: Meat and meat products are suited for microbial growth and it becomes contaminated with a variety of microorganisms during the slaughtering and dressing process and some of which are pathogens. The objective of this study was to count, isolate, and identifies different pathogens & indicators in beef samples at Abattoir and Retail outlets in Assosa ...
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Production, Purification, and Characterization of an Industrially Important Enzyme Alkaline Protease Produced from Locally Isolated Bacillus Bacteria
Ranjeet Singh,
Ravindra Meena,
Harsh Kumar,
Banwari Lal
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
137-146
Received:
9 November 2021
Accepted:
9 December 2021
Published:
24 December 2021
Abstract: The worldwide demand for industrially essential enzymes is growing due to their eco-friendly and sustainable applications in broad industrial sectors. The main objective of this investigation is intended to isolate potent alkalophilic native bacteria from local habitats for the cost-effective production of an enzyme alkaline protease. For screening of alkalophilic bacteria, bacterial samples were taken from various natural alkaline habitats, and bacterial cultures were screened on agar plate having skimmed milk as protein substrate by using the protein hydrolysis method. The bacteria showing maximum proteolytic potential were identified by microscopic, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analysis. Additionally, the culture components and other medium parameters have been optimized for higher enzyme production. High yield alkaline protease was obtained with conditions of 1% inoculum, pH 9.0, and at 37°C temperature, with 1% sugarcane molasses as the best suitable carbon substrate. Partial pur¬ification of the enzyme was performed and characterized for their optimum activity on various parameters (temperatures and pH range). The approx. molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be ~35 kDa. This study demonstrates the production of an industrially important enzyme (alkaline protease) from a newly isolated native Bacillus spp. Economical production of this enzyme can be commercially applied in vast industrial sectors like agriculture, textile, food, detergent, and leather industries.
Abstract: The worldwide demand for industrially essential enzymes is growing due to their eco-friendly and sustainable applications in broad industrial sectors. The main objective of this investigation is intended to isolate potent alkalophilic native bacteria from local habitats for the cost-effective production of an enzyme alkaline protease. For screening...
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Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria
Francisca Upekiema Adie,
Godwin Edet Oduokpaha,
Sunday Godwin Oworah,
Oluwarotimi John Joseph
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, December 2021
Pages:
147-151
Received:
30 November 2021
Accepted:
24 December 2021
Published:
31 December 2021
Abstract: Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.
Abstract: Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous user...
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