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Physicochemical and Bacteriological Study of Sewage Before and After Treatment with Moringa Oleifera Seeds at Brazzaville (Congo)
Moyen Rachel,
Serge Mdjouetede,
Nguimbi Etienne,
Baloki Ngoulou Tarcisse,
Matini Laurent
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
28-33
Received:
3 March 2021
Accepted:
25 March 2021
Published:
13 April 2021
Abstract: Within the framework of the mobilization of water resources and the supply of drinking water to the populations as well as the valuation of local materials, four (4) samples of piped water from the districts of Brazzaville were analyzed for their physical quality. chemical and microbiological before and after treatment with Moringa oleifera seed powder. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard devices. As for the microbiological parameters, they were analyzed by conventional microbiological methods which consisted of isolation on selective media, identification using cultural, morphological and biochemical criteria and then counting. The results obtained concerning the physicochemical parameters showed that the raw water exhibited pH values ranging from 6.4 to 7.02; temperatures ranging from 25 to 25.8 with high values of turbidity and dry matter. However, low levels of magnesium and calcium ions have been noted. Regarding the microbiological parameters, this water exhibited bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus as well as fecal and total coliforms, a large number of which were unidentified. The genera Salmonella and Shigella have been identified as well as the species E. coli, an indicator of contamination. After clarification of the Moringa beans with powder, the pH values varied from 5.40 to 4.02; there is a decrease in turbidity as well as the dry matter. Microbiologically, the clarified water contained unidentified coliforms with persistence of Salmonella and Staphylococci in low proportions. As for E coli and Shigella, they have been totally eliminated. After clarification and decantation, the results show that all the microorganisms are found concentrated in the sludge. Before treatment, the cloudy pipe water exhibited high concentrations of organic and mineral chemicals. These analyzed waters contained several types of germs in very high numbers. The muddy water is decanted, clarified and purified by the powder of Moringa oleifera seeds in less than 2 hours. However, there is a decrease in the number of germs in the clarified water with the formation of an activated sludge. Moringa oléifera is therefore a local plant material that can be used in the treatment of wastewater to prevent possible contamination.
Abstract: Within the framework of the mobilization of water resources and the supply of drinking water to the populations as well as the valuation of local materials, four (4) samples of piped water from the districts of Brazzaville were analyzed for their physical quality. chemical and microbiological before and after treatment with Moringa oleifera seed po...
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Production of Bacterial Amylase and Evaluation for Starch Hydrolysis
Eleni Belay,
Medhanit Teshome
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
34-44
Received:
10 February 2021
Accepted:
24 March 2021
Published:
20 April 2021
Abstract: In starch degrading industry, the first step to be performed is gelatinization of starch granules at elevated temperature. This process tends to form a viscose suspension, thus making mixing and pumping a huge challenge. Therefore, to lower the viscosity of starch paste thermostable enzymes are added for breaking down the polysaccharides into oligosaccharides by a process known as liquefaction. Therefore, the availability of these enzymes can be considered a prerequisite to start successful starch liquefaction and saccharification industry. The main objective of this study was, therefore, to produce efficient microbial amylolytic enzymes for starch hydrolysis. One bacterial isolate designated as BACC 2107 was isolated from locally collected samples. The enzyme has optimum activity at pH of 5.0 and 70°C. The addition of calcium in the reaction mixture was shown to stabilize the enzyme. The isolate BACC 2107 was able to grow under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat bran as a solid substrate. Optimum enzyme production was recorded at 32°C, and at 120 h of incubation and at a moisture content of 75%. Addition of peptone to the SSF medium as an organic nitrogen supplement enhanced enzyme production. The enzyme was used to hydrolyze a 25% (w/v) of starch at 70°C and pH 5.0, and the resulting hydrolysate was analyzed on TLC plates. After 4 h hydrolysis, the TLC chromatogram showed the release of glucose, maltose, maltotriose, and other oligosaccharides, indicating that the enzyme is endo-acting alpha-amylase. The results of this study show that amylase from BACC 2107 has a good potential to be used in starch liquefaction and saccharification processes. The ability of the isolate to grow and produce the enzyme under SSF using cheap agro-industrial wastes could help to greatly reduce the production cost of the enzyme.
Abstract: In starch degrading industry, the first step to be performed is gelatinization of starch granules at elevated temperature. This process tends to form a viscose suspension, thus making mixing and pumping a huge challenge. Therefore, to lower the viscosity of starch paste thermostable enzymes are added for breaking down the polysaccharides into oligo...
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Production of Microbiological Peptone from Hydrolysis of Slaughterhouse Offal Using Bacterial Protease
Medhanit Teshome,
Eleni Belay
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
45-52
Received:
17 February 2021
Accepted:
29 March 2021
Published:
20 April 2021
Abstract: Proteases are the most important class of industrial enzymes accounting for 60% of the global industrial enzyme market. Microorganisms are the major source of these enzymes. Production of hyrolysates from different protein sources is among the different application of proteases. Protein hydrolysates have a variety of food and non-food applications. Although different proteases are available in the market, there is always a need for the development of new enzymes from bacterial sources. This is especially important in countries like Ethiopia where there are no local enzyme producers. The aim of this study was, therefore, to isolate new protease producing bacterial isolates to be used for the hydrolysis of slaughterhouse offal, optimize enzyme production and hydrolysis conditions, and test hydrolysates as a microbiological growth media. Based on screening data on solid and liquid media, one bacterial isolate designated as aau5 was selected for further study. The isolate grew under solid-state fermentation (SSF) and produced up to 5,773 U/g of enzyme. Enzyme production was optimal when the solid to moisture ratio was 1:2 (66.7% moisture content) and in the presence of organic nitrogen sources. Protease aau5 was optimally active at pH 7.5 and temperature of 55°C. After one hour incubation, the enzyme retained up to 66% and 41% of its original activity at 50°C and 55°C, respectively. Protease aau5 was used for the hydrolysis of slaughter house offal (lung and bone) and soybean protein. The hydrolysate (peptone) was then tested as a microbiological media for the growth of different bacterial species. Compared to commercial peptone, hydrolysate obtained from lung (LPA) and bone extracted protein (BPA) supported better growth of the test organisms. So, by using waste and by products of slaughter houses, beneficial hydrolysate like peptone can be produced through enzymatic hydrolysis.
Abstract: Proteases are the most important class of industrial enzymes accounting for 60% of the global industrial enzyme market. Microorganisms are the major source of these enzymes. Production of hyrolysates from different protein sources is among the different application of proteases. Protein hydrolysates have a variety of food and non-food applications....
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Fungicidal Action of Coconut Waste Liquid-Smoke on Citrus Fruit-Rot Pathogens (Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum)
Budy Rahmat,
Alaik Zhilalul Haq Albaki
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2021
Pages:
53-58
Received:
24 April 2021
Accepted:
13 May 2021
Published:
26 May 2021
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liquid smoke. The resulting distilled liquid smoke has the following characteristics: brownish-yellow in color, pH of 2, specific density of 1.02 g. mL-1, and a total acid content of 10.7. Liquid smoke produced from young coconut waste was of good quality, in accordance with international quality standards. The overall characteristics of liquid smoke from coconut waste meet international liquid smoke standards, which include specific gravity, color, acidity, and pH in the required range and the absence of dispersed substances. The results showed that in in vitro testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 2.5% was able to retard the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum with 100% inhibition. Whereas in in vivo testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 75% was able to retard the increase in the lesion diameter of the P. italicum fungal infection by 76.1%. However, all concentrations of liquid smoke treatments had no effect on P. digitatum. Treatment of the concentration of liquid smoke had no effect on the lesion diameter of the green rot infection on citrus fruit. Whereas in blue rot disease, the concentration of 50, 75, and 100% liquid smoke treatment gave different lesion diameter compared to the control, but among the treatments there was no difference in the lesion diameter. This proved that the treatment of liquid smoke concentration of 50% was established to have fungicidal action against blue rot desease on citrus fruit.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liq...
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