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Genetic Diversity of Circulating Genotypes of PCR Confirmed Neisseria meningitidis Serogroups Amongst Cerebrospinal Meningitis Patients in Parts of Northern Nigeria
Iseimokumo Christopher Peletiri,
Grace Mebi Ayanbimpe,
Eugene Ifeanyichukwu Ikeh
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
51-57
Received:
24 February 2022
Accepted:
17 March 2022
Published:
9 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.11
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Abstract: The genetic potential of an organism is carried in the base sequence of its DNA according to the genetic code. Just as we have defined genotypes in humans, bacterial genotypes are specific and defined too. However, information on circulating N. meningitidis genotypes from northern Nigeria are unavailable in literature. Molecular genotyping methods are used to address two very different kinds of problems associated with disease outbreak (short term or local epidemiology and long term or global epidemiology). The multilocus sequence typing scheme developed for N. meningitidis which is based on DNA sequencing of segments of seven housekeeping loci was used being the gold standard. The PubMLST.org database and Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database software were equally used. Of the 40 genotyped samples, 31 (77.5%) had detectable genotypes; genotype abcZ in three cases (7.5%); adk, four (10%); aroE, three (7.5%); fumC, 16 (40%); pdhC, two (5%); and genotype pdh in three cases (7.5%). The six genotypes encountered were found to be circulating amongst the various serogroups in parts of northern Nigeria which is now publicly reported in literature for the first time in Nigeria. Genotype abcZ was found circulating amongst serogroups A (sacB) and Y (synF); genotype adk amongst serogroups A (sacB), W135 (synG), and Y (synF); genotype aroE amongst serogroups C (synE), W135 (synG), and Y (synF); genotype fumC amongst serogroups A (sacB), B (synD), C (synE), W135 (synG), X (xcbB), and Y (synF); genotype pdhC amongst serogroups B (synD), and X (xcbB); and genotype pgm amongst serogroups B (synD), C (synE), and Y (synF). The utilization of our findings by health authorities would be of great importance for public health strategies such as vaccination. Our knowledge has been widened to acknowledge the presence of bacterial genotypes circulating amongst various N. meningitidis serogroups.
Abstract: The genetic potential of an organism is carried in the base sequence of its DNA according to the genetic code. Just as we have defined genotypes in humans, bacterial genotypes are specific and defined too. However, information on circulating N. meningitidis genotypes from northern Nigeria are unavailable in literature. Molecular genotyping methods ...
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Microbial Colonization and Multi Drug Resistance Patterns of Phones of Health Care Workers: Potential for Nosocomial Pathogens Transmission in Delta State, Nigeria
Adomi Patience Ogheneochuko
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
58-63
Received:
13 January 2022
Accepted:
5 February 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.12
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Abstract: Mobile phones are integral component of man’s social life. Mobile phones could constitute health hazards, apart from electromagnetic radiations emitted, these devices could serve as sources of pathogenic and non pathogenic microorganisms as they come in contact with human body parts and other surfaces during usage. The study was conducted to evaluate microbial colonization and multi drug resistance patterns of phones of health care workers in Delta State. One hundred and thirty phones of health care workers were swabbed asceptically, self administered questionnaires were used to collected data from respondents to find out their hygienic altitude towards their phones. Swabs were cultured in bacteriological and mycologic media. Microbial isolates identification and sensitivity tests were done using standard methods. Most of the health care workers phones were contaminated though they admitted cleaning of phones. Bacterial and fungal contamination were 92.31% and 71.54% respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (33.33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.33%) and Escherichia coli (25%) are potential nosocomial pathogens and were more dominant. Geotrichum spp (37.63%), Aspergillus niger (27.96%) and Mucor spp. (21.51%) were prevalent among the fungi species. All bacteria were resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime and augumentin however sensitive to gentamycin in varied degree. Phones of health care workers carry pathogens which were multidrug resistant so could pose health risk to patients. Measures should be put in place for phones of health care workers to be cleaned always to avoid being a source of pathogenic organisms.
Abstract: Mobile phones are integral component of man’s social life. Mobile phones could constitute health hazards, apart from electromagnetic radiations emitted, these devices could serve as sources of pathogenic and non pathogenic microorganisms as they come in contact with human body parts and other surfaces during usage. The study was conducted to evalua...
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Comparative Study of Antimicrobial Activity of the Use of Sodium Benzoate and Brine as Preservative on Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Amusat Afusat Ibiwumi,
Adedokun Adewole,
Ibraheem Abdul-Rasheed Ajamu,
Oladokun Pauline Olutoyin
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
64-68
Received:
9 March 2022
Accepted:
29 March 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.13
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Abstract: There have been worldwide problems as to which of the preservatives is active in preservation of food among others and that which of them will be able to control the microbes responsible for the food spoilage. This study was carried out to assess antimicrobial activity of sodium benzoate and brine on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as preservatives at room temperature for 6-weeks storage. Raw catfish were subjected to the following treatments: 1g, 3g and 5g of Sodium benzoate and 1g, 3g, 5g of Brine were added to the sample fishes. The fish samples that were not treated with any preservatives served as control. All samples were subjected to microbial culture using laboratory standards. The control and the treated fresh fish samples showed diverse microbial load. All treated catfish sample were negative to Klebsiella spp and Aspergillus flavus. The treatment effectively reduced the TVC, TFC and TCC Coliform, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus flavus after preservation and the low microbial counts was maintained until the end of the 6 weeks’ storage. Treatments with 5g sodium benzoate proved best in terms of microbial reduction but organoleptically, 1 or 2% treatments are acceptable to consumers. Treatment with 1g of brine (Wet salt) is acceptable when consumed. Therefore, this study revealed that the fish preserved with sodium benzoate had low microbial count compared to the fresh fish preserved with brine, hence it is advisable that the catfish should be preserved with sodium benzoate.
Abstract: There have been worldwide problems as to which of the preservatives is active in preservation of food among others and that which of them will be able to control the microbes responsible for the food spoilage. This study was carried out to assess antimicrobial activity of sodium benzoate and brine on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as preservatives at...
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Comparative Effect of Firewood and Automobile Tyre Flaring on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Heavy Metal content of Abattoir Soils in Rivers States
Ariyo Adenike Bosede,
Obire Omokaro
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
69-74
Received:
7 March 2022
Accepted:
13 April 2022
Published:
26 April 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.14
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Abstract: Soils around the vicinity of two Abattoirs located in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State were collected and analyzed for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals using standard methods. Rukpokwu abattoir is noted for roasting/processing cowhide for meat exclusively with expired automobile tyres as fuel source while firewood is exclusively being used at Rumuokoro abattoir. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sample were determined using Gas chromatographic method, while the heavy metals were determined using spectrophotometer. Roasting activities were carried out in Rupokwu abattoir by flaring expired tyres while firewood is used in Rumuokoro abattoir for same. Results of the individual PAHs in abattoir soils indicated the absence of low molecular weight members such Acenaphthene and Acenaphthylene however Naphthalene was recorded. Rukpokwu recorded higher value of 4.78µg/kg for Anthracene while the least value of 0.36 µg/kg was observed in the control. Benzo(a)anthracene and Phenanthrene were only recorded in Rukpokwu. Chrysene and Fluoranthene were obtained from Rupokwu and the control. Benzo(a)pyrene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Dibenz(a,h)anthracene, Indeno(1,2,3cd)pyrene, Fluorene, Naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene and Pyrene recorded higher values of 10.75, 19.21, 14.49, 156.99, 39.55, 30.03, 39.3, 26.25 and 290.17µg/kg in Rukpokwu. The total concentration of PAHs was more in Rukpokwu than Rumuokoro soil with significant difference (P<0.05). Rukpokwu soil recorded the higher values of (36.74, 10.2, 10.98, 13.53, 744.6) mg/kg for Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Fe, respectively. This is not unconnected with the cowhide charring carried out with tyre fire in this abattoir. It was generally observed that PAHs concentrations in all the soils were below the EU permissible limits of 1000µg/kg in soils. However, continual monitoring of slaughterhouse operations that can result in the disperse and deposit of PAHs and heavy metals into the air and soil is required to reduce the potential threats to human health and safety.
Abstract: Soils around the vicinity of two Abattoirs located in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State were collected and analyzed for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals using standard methods. Rukpokwu abattoir is noted for roasting/processing cowhide for meat exclusively with expired automobile tyres as fuel source while firewood is...
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Microbiological Profile of Packaging Leaves of Cassava "Chikwangue" Stored in Warehouses and Sold in Brazzaville (Congo)
Rachel Moyen,
Nicaise Saturnin Mokemiabeka,
Tarcisse Baloki Ngoulou,
Holman Yirtol Miatsoukina Konda,
Etienne Nguimbi,
Attibayeba
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
75-83
Received:
28 April 2022
Accepted:
14 May 2022
Published:
9 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.15
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Abstract: In order to contribute to the evaluation of the hygienic quality of the different packaging sheets of chikwangue (cassava leg stick) stored in warehouses and sold in Brazzaville, in view of the food safety of consumers, the different sheets were tested in their microbiological quality and the physico-chemical parameters of the warehouses were determined by classical methods. Five warehouses located in different markets in the districts of Brazzaville were chosen for the study: These were: Château d'eau, Bourreau, Commission, Tsièmé and PK. The results obtained showed that the humidity level varies from one warehouse to another depending on their location. The values of the humidity levels vary from 54.53% (Château d'eau market) to 70.46% (PK market). As for the pH values, they show an acidification of the leaves with a decrease of the pH from 6.6 (PK market) recorded on the first day of storage to 3.8 observed at the Bourreau market on the sixth day. On the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, several bacteria were isolated from the leaves were: Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus, Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, Streptococci, Clostridium, Candida. After identification, Enterobacteriaceae consisted of Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Escherichia coli. Bacillus were Bacillus cereus and Bacillus spp. Staphylococci were represented by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus spp. The following species were also identified: Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Lactobacillus spp, Streptococcus spp. The percentage of mesophilic flora isolated at each market ranged from 11% (Château d'eau) to 25% (PK) These results show that, whatever the storage market and the origin of the product, the packaging sheets used are subject to abiotic factors responsible for the proliferation of germs, some of which are pathogenic and can harm the health of consumers. Hence the need to act on the application and enforcement of hygiene rules to prevent food-borne diseases.
Abstract: In order to contribute to the evaluation of the hygienic quality of the different packaging sheets of chikwangue (cassava leg stick) stored in warehouses and sold in Brazzaville, in view of the food safety of consumers, the different sheets were tested in their microbiological quality and the physico-chemical parameters of the warehouses were deter...
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Development and Verification of a MALDI-TOF MS-Based Method for Rapid and Confirmatory Identification of Salmonella in Feed and Foods
Md. Al-Amin,
Md. Mizanur Rahman,
Marufa Aktar,
Md. Mostofa Kamal
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
84-92
Received:
30 April 2022
Accepted:
18 May 2022
Published:
9 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.16
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Abstract: Salmonella infection is one of the major global public health hazards and remains as an economic burden to both developed and developing countries through the costs associated with trade banning, as well as surveillance, prevention, and treatment of the disease. Confirmatory and rapid identification of Salmonella in feed and foods of animal origin is crucial for mitigating the associated burdens. The conventional methods for isolation and identification of Salmonella species are based on culture and biochemical tests and are very time-consuming requiring 10-11 days. Hence, these drawbacks of the conventional methods warrant a rapid method for confirmatory identification of Salmonella in feed and foods of animal origin. Therefore, a method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was developed and verified for its reliable use in the laboratory. For verification, Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) was used as the target bacteria. E. coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were used as non-target bacteria. Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) produced black colonies with metallic sheen on BS agars, black colonies on XLD agars, and black-centered blue colonies on HE agars. MALDI TOF MS was found very efficient for confirmatory identification of Salmonella bacteria at the genus level without performing biochemical tests. Confirmatory identification of Salmonella could be made within four to five days after the commencement of the test. The expected limit of detection (eLOD50) of Salmonella in chicken and beef was found < 1.7 ± 0, in milk 1.2 ± 0.2, in eggs < 1.2 ± 0.2, and in feed pellet < 1.6 ± 0.2 CFU/test portion. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the method were found 98%, 96%, and 100% respectively. No significant effects (p = 0.400) of sample matrices were found on test results carried out by the developed method. Likewise, in terms of ruggedness, no significant effects of analyst change (p = 0.787), incubator change (p = 0.787), and day change (p = 0.242) were found in the test results. The method was found robust and could be used in the laboratory for rapid and confirmatory identification of Salmonella in feeds, and foods of animal origin.
Abstract: Salmonella infection is one of the major global public health hazards and remains as an economic burden to both developed and developing countries through the costs associated with trade banning, as well as surveillance, prevention, and treatment of the disease. Confirmatory and rapid identification of Salmonella in feed and foods of animal origin ...
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Physicochemical, Anti-nutrient and Microbial Assessment of Soybean Flour Sold in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Adeyemisi Tope Victor-Aduloju,
Uju Maryjane Ubaka,
Muideen Olayinka Abdulsalam,
Adeyinka John Olopade
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
93-97
Received:
6 March 2022
Accepted:
6 June 2022
Published:
16 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.17
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Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical, anti-nutrients and microbial load of soybean flour sold from different locations in Awka. Anambra State Nigeria. The eight soybean flour samples obtained were subjected to physicochemical, anti-nutrient and microbial load test using standard methods. The result obtained was further analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA (P > 0.05). The results showed that the physicochemical parameters namely, total titratable acidity ranged from 0.03 - 0.06% with sample FMS having the highest value of 0.06% and the sample NAS having the least value of 0.03%. The viscosity ranged from 19.52 - 22.41Cp and pH 6.45 - 6.75. The FMS sample had the lowest pH value of 6.45 while the sample ARS had the highest pH of 6.75. The anti-nutrient showed that phytate content ranged from 0.60 - 1.04 mg/100g, tannin 1.04 - 1.21 mg/100g, trypsin inhibitor ranged from 4.17-7.33 TIU/g, lectin 3.16 - 4.33 TIU/mg. The functional properties showed that the bulk density ranged from 0.57 to 0.59g/ml and absorption capacity 2.28 - 3.92%. The result for microbial load of soybean flour revealed that the total viable count ranged from 1.33×105 to 3.46×105 and the fungal count ranged from 1.60×105 to 4.53×105. It was observed that soybean flour sample (FMS) possessed low anti-nutrients with good functional properties. Also, it has lower microbial load when compared to other samples. The lowest microbial load recorded could be as a result of proper food handling processes.
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical, anti-nutrients and microbial load of soybean flour sold from different locations in Awka. Anambra State Nigeria. The eight soybean flour samples obtained were subjected to physicochemical, anti-nutrient and microbial load test using standard methods. The result obtained was further analyze...
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Microbiological Quality Assessment of Frozen Beef in Bangladesh
Md. Al-Amin,
Md. Mizanur Rahman,
Md. Mostofa Kamal
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
98-105
Received:
23 May 2022
Accepted:
13 June 2022
Published:
30 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.18
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Abstract: The demand for both homegrown and imported frozen beef sold through super shops and online sales channels in Bangladesh has increased in recent years. These frozen beef may harbor potential microbiological health hazards which are unexplored yet. Hence, the present investigative research was envisaged to assess the potential microbiological public health hazards lying in these frozen beef. A statistically valid 72 frozen beef samples from the 204 sales points were collected during June 2021 to April 2022. The beef samples were subjected to aerobic plate count (APC) to assess the total viable bacterial load. Prevalence of major frozen meat-borne pathogens Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. The pathogens were isolated following US Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual, henceforth, confirmatory identification was made by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technology. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to detect pathogenic Escherichia coli. Out of 72 samples, 33 samples (46.0%) were found satisfactory, 32 samples (44.0%) were found marginal, and 7 samples (10.0%) were found unsatisfactory based on total viable bacterial load in frozen beef. Escherichia coli was identified in 63 samples (88%), but none of them was found pathogenic for humans. Based on the most probable number (MPN) of Escherichia coli, 49 samples (68%) were found satisfactory (< 50 MPN/g), 18 samples (25%) were found marginal (50 to 500 MPN/g), and 5 samples (7%) were found unsatisfactory (> 500 MPN/g). Salmonella was identified in two (2.7%), and Listeria was identified only in one (1.3%) sample. All the samples were found free from Campylobacter. Overall 93 ± 3% of frozen beef sold through different super shops in different areas in Bangladesh has been found safe for human consumption.
Abstract: The demand for both homegrown and imported frozen beef sold through super shops and online sales channels in Bangladesh has increased in recent years. These frozen beef may harbor potential microbiological health hazards which are unexplored yet. Hence, the present investigative research was envisaged to assess the potential microbiological public ...
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Integration of MALDI TOF MS in the Most Probable Number Method for Enumeration of Escherichia coli Significantly Reduces the Assay Time
Md. Al-Amin,
Md. Mostofa Kamal
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2022
Pages:
106-114
Received:
5 June 2022
Accepted:
21 June 2022
Published:
30 June 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20220702.19
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Abstract: Escherichia coli (E. coli) can be associated with food contamination incidents and frequently causes serious food poisoning in humans. Detection and enumeration of E. coli in food matrices is crucial regarding food safety issues. Most Probable Number (MPN) assay for the enumeration of E. coli is widely used in laboratories. A limitation of the conventional reference MPN method is the long time required to obtain definitive results, which often sequels dissatisfaction among the customers. The aim of the current research was to mitigate the problem by the integration of a credible and rapid tool for the confirmatory identification of E. coli in MPN assay instead of biochemical tests. Real-time PCR and/or MALDI TOF MS were considered better candidates for so. The experiment was conducted in three sample matrices (beef, chicken, milk) and each was spiked with target E. coli (ATCC 25922) at low (47.7±4.5 CFU/g), intermediate (103.0±5.0 CFU/g), and high (204.7±2.5 CFU/g) doses. The mean E. coli counts by MPN method in low, intermediate, and high-level contaminated beef were 53.7±4.0, 99.3±9.2, and 216±5.8/g respectively. Those in chicken were 53.3±4.6, 110.0±0.0, and 203.3±20.8/g; and in milk 56.0±0.0, 104.7±9.2, and 213.3±5.8/ml respectively. Real-time PCR and MALDI TOF MS did not differ significantly (p=0.199) with biochemical tests in resulting MPN of E. coli in sample matrices. The method was found very linear within the contamination range with high R-squared values (≥ 0.99) in all three sample matrices. The mean assay time when employed biochemical tests, real-time PCR and MALDI TOF MS were 121.3±6.3, 77.4±6.3, and 74.2±6.1 hours respectively. Both real-time PCR and MALDI TOF MS significantly (p=0.000) reduced the assay time compared to that by biochemical tests. Significant (p=0.003) difference was also found between MPN assay times required by real-time PCR and MALDI TOF MS methods. Considering the research findings, MALDI TOF MS is recommended for integration in MPN assay for E. coli.
Abstract: Escherichia coli (E. coli) can be associated with food contamination incidents and frequently causes serious food poisoning in humans. Detection and enumeration of E. coli in food matrices is crucial regarding food safety issues. Most Probable Number (MPN) assay for the enumeration of E. coli is widely used in laboratories. A limitation of the conv...
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